Ever hear of a Gruit beer? Chances are good that you probably haven’t heard of them. Gruit beers are beers that are brewed without the addition of hops, or at least domesticated hops. For around 8,000 years, spices have been a part of the brewing process. Like hops, the infusion of wild and medicinal herbs provided flavor and bitterness to the beer as well as antiseptic properties to keep unwanted microorganisms at bay. The use of hops in the brewing process is relatively new (within the last 1,000 years). While Rhineheitsgebot, the German Purity law first implemented in Bavaria, stipulated that hops be one of the only allowed ingredients since 1516, brewers in other regions have continued using many other spices and flavoring agents along with their grains and other fermentables until the 19th century. Unfortunately, Prohibition in the U.S. further erased elements of spice usage in the brewing process. Today, however, the use of spices in the brewing process is being revived and experiencing a bit of a renaissance. In many Belgian beer styles, the use of spices remained popular to this day, and spices are once again being used by many modern craft brewers.

Spice, The Variety Of Life

Some of the traditional spices used over the centuries include heather and gorse (in the highlands of Scotland); spruce needles (in England and the American colonies); juniper (in Northern Europe, particularly along the Baltic Sea); coriander and cumin seed (Belgium); woodruff (in Berliner Weissbiers) and yarrow, nettle, thyme, nutmeg, basil, and rosemary (in English and Irish country ales). The list of spices that have been historically used is probably as long and as varied as the history of brewing itself.

Today, ingredients such as licorice, anise, chili peppers, and orange peel can be found in commercially produced specialty beers, particularly as the American craft-brewing industry has followed homebrewers’ lead into more daring and innovative brewing.

Spicing It Up In The Brew Room

Let’s Get Spicy

1. Mash It Up

Adding the spice to the mash, if you’re brewing with grain, provides a deep spice flavor; but usually no aroma at all. You would add the spice in with the grist or as a later addition to the mash as is often done with darker specialty grains.

2. Into The Boil

Adding the spice to the kettle, whether boiling malt extracts or boiling down your mash runoff, will extract some aroma along with the flavors. The longer the spice is in the boil, the less its aromatics will remain, just like hops.

3. Dry Spicing

Spices can be added as “dry hops.” Depending on your style, this means adding the spice in the last two minutes of the boil, at kettle knockout (when you turn off the heat to stop the boil), or in the fermenter (primary or secondary). This will not add as much flavor as the first two uses, but the aromatic qualities of the spice will be better preserved.

A word of caution here: Large pieces of spices or fruits can potentially clog your airlock or blowoff tube. The vast majority of spices used for brewing purposes can (and probably should) be crushed or ground, regardless of when you plan to add them during your brewing process. You’ll always get more flavor from freshly ground spices than from either whole or commercially pre-ground spices.

4. Tinctures and Tistanes

Much attention has recently been given to the idea of tinctures and tistanes when using spices. For delicate spices, these are a great methods, but does require some forethought. For more on tinctures and tistanes, see the section titled “Tinctures And Tistanes And Titrations, Oh My!”

5. Of Liqueurs and Syrups

Another option, although limited by availability and price, is the use of liqueurs and syrups in lieu of priming sugar. This is more applicable with fruit flavorings, but there are a few herbed liqueurs or syrups that make for an interesting combination.

Exercise caution when going this route as you will need to figure out just how much sugar is in the liqueur (by its specific gravity, more or less). It will also add slightly to the alcohol content of your beer. Typically, a 12- to 15-ounce bottle of liqueur will need about 1/4 cup more priming sugar to adequately prime five gallons of beer and may well crank up your ABV by 1 – 1.5%.

It’s Gettin’ Spicy In Here

Kettle Additions

Spices used for kettle flavorings are usually added during the last five minutes of the boil or during a hot whirlpool. That helps to preserve the spice’s flavor and aroma. The big question with this method is how much to add. Since you can’t taste the spice’s effect, it’s probably best to go a little lighter than you think it should be. If you’re using strongly flavored spices, extra caution is needed. You don’t want to cross the line from “that’s a nice lavender flavor ” to “all I taste is grandma’s soap!” Adding spices to the boil kettle will involve some trial and error. This is where good note taking is really important!

So which spices work well being added to the kettle? Cinnamon or peppercorns are two great choice for the kettle. Resinous spices like rosemary also work well with heat extraction. While not a spice, fruit zest, like orange, lemon, or lime, are often added to the kettle; but those depend on what kind of fruit character you want in the finished beer. Putting the zest in the kettle will give you a more integrated, but muted, flavor and aroma than adding them to the fermenter.

Fermenter Additions

For a more forward/intense flavor or aroma, adding spices to a secondary fermenter is the way to go. Even if you don’t use secondary fermenters, adding flavorings is one place where it’s warranted. While you could put the spices directly in the primary, if crushed spices are not bagged and suspended they can end up sinking to the bottom and getting covered in trub which will limit the effectiveness. Adding in tinctures or tistanes to the secondary is another way to add the flavors of the spices to the beer without having to worry about keeping the crushed spice pieces from being picked up during packaging. When adding a tincture that used a liqueur with residual sugar, it’s important to factor in the likelihood that the additional sugar will likely kick up a new fermentation and give yourself some fermenter space. The renewed fermentation will also scavenge oxygen that may have been picked up when you transferred to secondary.

Packaging Additions

Packaging is probably the best time to add flavorings that you’ve created from tinctures and tistanes. Liquid flavorings work best at this stage since additives like coffee, vanilla, or liquor are easy to dose at packaging. Not only do you get the most intense flavor and aroma that way, but you also have the advantage of adding them to suit your own taste. You can avoid playing the guessing game of how much to use by using the titration method and then scaling up for your finished batch size. Just note that if the flavoring contains sugar and you are bottling, the additional sugar should be calculated in with your priming sugar.

Tinctures and Tistanes and Titrations, Oh My!

Tinctures Vs Tistanes

Simply put, a tincture is an extract typically made using vodka or another neutral grain alcohol while a tisane is an extract made using boiling water. The use of tinctures and tistanes can allow you to consistently dial in your flavor from one batch to the next.

The process for making a tincture is easy, but does require that you plan ahead. A general starting point is to begin with 4 oz. of a clean neutral spirit in a sealable vessel (like a mason jar), then roughly crush an ounce of your desired flavoring and mix into the spirit. Allow it to steep for at least one week and give it a shake at least once or twice a day to speed up the extraction process. You can make a tincture faster through the use of a sous vide immersion circulator and heating a water bath to 130–135 °F. You would place your vodka and spice mixture into small mason jars, then dunk them in the bath and cook for 4–6 hours. The heat help drives the extraction to create an intense extract in a relatively short period of time. Changing up the spirits used for the tincture can create different characteristics as well. Rum and Bourbon, in particular, can be used to make some really interesting tinctures.

While tinctures pull most of the essential oils from the target spice, they can miss other flavors. This is where tistanes can come in handy. Tistanes can pull out other essential oils that may not be pulled out by a tincture. To make a tistane, you would typically bring 6 oz. of water to a boil and then add roughly an ounce of your crushed spice. Let cool and then filter the spice out.

Cinnamon is a perfect example of how tinctures and tistanes can bring out different qualities of the same spice. If you were to make both a tincture and tistane, then taste the two side by side, you’d easily notice an immense difference between the two. The tincture pushes cinnamon heat and burn of cinnamaldehyde (that intense nose searing, taste bud tingling sensation – often associated with a fresh bottle of Fireball). The tistane on the other hand is softer and earthier, with more woody notes. Blending the tincture and tistane together actually presents the whole flavor we expect from cinnamon (also known as cassia).

To Titrate Or Not To Titrate

Titration is simply figuring out how much flavoring to put into a beer post-fermentation. Sure, you can guess how much flavoring to add, but you’d be hard pressed to recreate that same beer again if you really liked it. Titration is a straightforward process and can be a lot of fun as well! There’s a few things you’ll want to have on hand to start with: a small measuring cup, pipettes (or a syringe with measurement markings for this non-mad scientist types), and a small spoon or some other device to mix with. To start your titration, pour a 4 oz. sample of the finished beer (ideally you’d do this into four or more containers at the same time to sample each titration side by side to determine which you like best). Then add a different, measured amount of flavoring to each glass and taste. When you decide which titration you like best, you’d simply scale that amount up to the batch size (Oh no, math)!

You Feelin’ Spicy Yet?

Some General Guidelines for Brewing with Selected Herbs and Spices

Below is a quick overview of some herbs and spices commonly used in brewing, along with some suggestions on how you can incorporate them into your beers. Don’t forget to do your own personal experimentation too!

Herbs (Not That Kind, Well, Maybe)

A good general starting point for adding herbs to beer is to start by adding 1 oz to the secondary per 5 gallons. Be sure to remove all traces of the stem as it may contribute a vegetable character to the beer. Wash the herbs in a salad spinner, but do not boil them. When considering adding herbs to your beer, look to add varieties of herbs that complement the beer. The Italian large-leaf varieties of basil, for example, are no good in beer. Thai or Mexican spices are better choices as they have a citrus component that marries well with honey and Cascade hops. Avoid green coriander berries, unless you want a very intense coriander flavor. Fresh herbs are better than dried and are the first choice in most cases.

Chilis (Crankin’ Up The Heat In Here)

Habanero, Serrano, and Jalapeno chilis work well in beers. Before adding to the fermenter, cut the chilis in half lengthwise, then put them in a colander and pour boiling water over them to sanitize. The chilis should not be cooked, but should remain crisp. As many as 50 chilis can be placed in a secondary fermenter for a 5 gallon batch depending upon how hot the chilis are and how hot you want the beer. 50 chilis work out to about one chili per bottle. Bottle or rack after two weeks. This method gives good pepper flavor and not too much heat. For a hotter chili beer, either use more chilis or allow the beer to sit in the secondary longer than two weeks, tasting every week or so to monitor the heat.

Ginger (The Spice, Not The Redhead)

Ginger is best added to beer by steeping some ginger late in the boil and then adding fresh chopped ginger to the secondary. Be careful not to overdo it, though, as adding too much could result in an unpleasant hotness. For a mild ginger taste, try using two quarter-sized slices. For more pronounced flavor, use one “knob” of ginger. For immense, in-your-face flavor, use a ginger root about the size of your hand. One or two dried red chilis in a 5-gallon batch can make a nice complement to the ginger hotness.

Other Various Spices (So Much Spice, So Little Time)

Many other spices can be used in the brewing process. Saffron, dried red chilis, or Mexican cinnamon (known as canela) work well with homemade cider and perry in particular. Add them in an infusion by putting the spices in a 3-in. tea infuser ball to make a tistane and putting the resulting tea and the spice ball in the secondary. Some spices are easy to overdo in beer. When using the following spices, keep them to a very small amount (say ½ tsp or less): allspice, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon stick. It’s important to remember that you can always add more to increase the strength of the flavors, but you can’t subtract back if the flavor is too strong.

Looking To Take This Offline?

Missed out on the meeting where we talked about using spices while brewing? Want to access this information offline? You can download or print out the handout that was distributed at our meeting.

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The Belgian Witbier style dates back hundreds of years, but the Witbier fell into relative obscurity until it was revived by Belgian brewer Pierre Celis in the 1960s. The style is currently enjoying a renaissance, especially in the American market. Witbier, “Wit”meaning “white”, pays homage, even today, to a history of Belgian beers abounding in the use of other herbs.

2015 BJCP Style Guidelines (Witbier – 24A)

Educational Material For The Belgian Witbier Style

Did you miss getting the handout from our meeting where we discussed the Belgian Witbier style? Download it now or print it out.

Sample Belgian Witbier Recipe

Our March competition is for the Belgian Witbier style. To help you create your own Belgian Witbier recipe, we’ve included a sample recipe as a starting point for those who aren’t sure where to start. This recipe was the 2006 NHC gold medal winner.

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The Wee Heavy Scottish Ale style (not to be confused with the Scottish Heavy style) is a complex beer characterized by substantial malt-influenced flavors. Originating in Scotland, this style is traditionally served in small, or wee, measures due to it’s strong ABV which ranges from 6.5% to 10.0%. The flavors of the Wee Heavy Scottish Ale style come from high mash temperatures and kettle caramelization rather than from the use of crystal malts.

2015 BJCP Style Guidelines (Wee Heavy Ale – 17C)

Educational Material For The Wee Heavy Scottish Ale Style

Did you miss getting the handout from our meeting where we discussed the Wee Heavy Scottish Ale style? Download it now or print it out.

Sample Wee Heavy Scottish Ale Recipe

Our December competition is for the Wee Heavy Scottish Ale style. To help you create your own Wee Heavy Scottish Ale recipe, we’ve included a sample recipe as a starting point for those who aren’t sure where to start. This recipe was featured in the July/August 2017 Zymurgy magazine issue.

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The American Amber Ale style is a modern American craft beer style developed as a variation from American Pale Ales. The American Amber Ale style can overlap in color with darker American pale ales, but with a different malt flavor and balance. Some regional variations exist with some of them being fairly mainstream and others being quite aggressive in hopping. Stronger and more bitter versions are now split into the Red IPA style.

2015 BJCP Style Guidelines (American Amber Ale – 19A)

Educational Material For The American Amber Ale Style

Did you miss getting the handout from our meeting where we discussed the American Amber Ale style? Download it now or print it out.

Sample American Amber Ale Recipe

Our September competition is for the American Amber Ale style. To help you create your own American Amber Ale recipe, we’ve included a sample recipe as a starting point for those who aren’t sure where to start. Amber Waves of Grain was a 2011 AHA National Homebrew Competition medal winner.

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The American Lager style is a beer brewed to be a thirst quenching and refreshing beverage with a flavor and aroma that’s barely there. There’s a remarkable amount of skill in making a consistently thirst-quenching American Lager. There’s not an abundance of any flavor – hops, malt, water, alcohol – so any flavor that’s accidentally introduced, either by contamination or fermentation controls, is magnified and screams failure. Your ingredients, process, yeast viability, and your fermentation control all matter. Nothing will test your skills as a brewer more than brewing a clean American Lager.

2015 BJCP Style Guidelines (American Lager – 1B)

Educational Material For The American Lager Style

Did you miss getting the handout from our meeting where we discussed the American Lager style? Download it now or print it out.

Sample American Lager Recipe

Our June competition is for the American Lager style. To help you create your own American Lager recipe, we’ve included a sample recipe as a starting point for those who aren’t sure where to start. Champagne Lager was a 2006 AHA National Homebrew Competition medal winner.

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The Black IPA style, sometimes known as Cascadian Dark Ale (CDA) or American-Style Black Ale (ABA), is a variation of the American IPA style. It was first commercially produced by Greg Noonan as Blackwatch IPA around 1990 and was popularized in the Pacific Northwest and Southern California. However, dark, strong, and hoppy beers aren’t a new thing as the brewing of ales with characteristics similar to those of the modern Black IPA style go back over a hundred years. Importantly, Black IPAs are more than just hoppy beers that are dark in color. The darker malts lend chocolate and roasted flavors that often work in contrast with the floral, citric and piney flavors of the hops.

2015 BJCP Style Guidelines (Specialty IPA: Black IPA – 21D)

Educational Material For The Black IPA Style

Did you miss getting the handout from our meeting where we discussed the Black IPA style? Download it now or print it out.

Sample Black IPA Recipe

Our March competition is for the Black IPA style. To help you create your own Black IPA recipe, we’ve included a sample recipe as a starting point for those who aren’t sure where to start. Urban UFO was a 2012 AHA National Homebrew Competition medal winner.

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The Wyeast 3068 – Weihenstephan Weizen yeast strain is the classic Hefeweizen yeast strain. It is also one of the most popular German wheat beer strains used worldwide. The Weihenstephan Weizen yeast strain is typically used in the production of Hefeweizens, Dunkelweizens, and Roggenbiers. This yeast strain produces a balance of banana esters and clove phenolics. Manipulating the balance towards either ester production or phenolics production can be done with an easy trick. That trick? Change your yeast pitch rate. In this post, we’ll explore how to change the pitch rate and the effects that under- and over-pitching the yeast will have on the finished beer.

Some Quick Background Information On Wyeast 3068

Before we look at the effects of under- and over-pitching, there are a two things to know about this yeast strain. First, the Weihenstephan Weizen yeast strain often produces a sulfur aroma during fermentation. With some conditioning, the sulfur aroma will clear out. Second, this yeast strain will also remain in suspension for an extended period of time following attenuation. For truly clear beer, filtering is required; however, filtering can also reduce the amount of esters and phenolics in the finished beer.

How to Change the Yeast Pitch Rate

According to Wyeast, the typical pitch rate for the Weihenstephan Weizen yeast strain (Wyeast 3068) is 125 ml of yeast slurry and nutrient to a 5 gallon batch of wort. Decreasing that amount will under-pitch, while increasing that amount will result in over-pitching. Depending upon just how much you under- or over-pitch, the effects will range from subtle to drastic. The extreme ends of under- or over-pitching could potentially result in flaws with the finished beer or even worse issues.

The Effects of Under-Pitching and Over-Pitching

Understanding the effects of the yeast pitch rate on the Dunkelweizen style will allow you to tailor the finished beer to your desired tastes.

Dunkelweizen Yeast Pitch Rate Educational Material

Keep the handout readily available for the next time you brew a Dunkelweizen and you are looking to manipulate the esters and phenolics in your Dunkelweizen.

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The German-style Dunkelweizen can be considered a cross between a German-style Dunkel and a Hefeweizen. It is distinguished by its sweet maltiness and slight chocolate-like character. A Dunkelweizen is balanced against the banana esters and clove phenolics from the weizen ale yeast. Dunkelweizens are highly carbonated and refreshing, with a creamy, fluffy texture and light finish that encourages drinking.

2015 BJCP Style Guidelines (Dunkeles Weissbeer – 10B)

Educational Material For The German-style Dunkelweizen

Did you miss getting the handout from our meeting where we discussed the German-style Dunkelweizen? Download it now or print it out.

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Every beer is made up of a complexity of flavors and everyone perceives this flavor-makeup differently. You may find you really enjoy a certain beer, while another person may find that same beer to be awful tasting. Each individual has higher sensitivities to certain flavors, creating a unique standard of what is found to be pleasant or abhorrent. In general, there is a set of flavors that are considered “off” or faulty when found at a certain level (or any level) in beer. Some of these flavors are present in almost all beer to some degree and considered an “on” flavor except when its level gets too high for a given style (fruity esters). Other off-flavors are less frequently found, but still are appropriate in small quantities in specific styles (a buttery flavor in some lagers). Then there are those that are never appropriate no matter their level or the beer style (baby vomit). Learning to recognize, then control, or eliminate these off-flavors appropriately takes time and practice.

It is important to know that cause and control of flavors go hand in hand. Once you have learned what causes a given off flavor in your beer you can better manage your brew day and beer handling to either control or eliminate the cause. The causes of different flavors should be purposely taken into consideration and accounted for by the brewer at the very least in the broad picture of things. Since half of brewing is art, any accidental flavors are “off”, at least until the brewer decides they’re not.

Some off flavors, especially those resulting from contamination, are almost always going to be considered faulty. These off flavors are usually caused by poor sanitation and, less often, by poor brewing practices. Any off flavors not arising from contamination are always a result of your brewing practice, such as uncontrolled fermentation temperatures, waiting too long to rack to a secondary, weak boils, poor bottling technique, or simply choosing the wrong yeast.

Common Off Flavors

There are many different off flavors, but we are going to focus on 6 of the more common off flavors: Contamination, D.M.S., Diacetyl, Isovaleric Acid, Papery, and H₂S. We will take a closer look below at what causes those off flavors, how you can detect them, and how to prevent them.

Educational Material

Looking for a handy form that covers these off flavors? You can download the handout and save it for future reference or print it out to have on hand.

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